Cov ntaub ntawv raw tseem ceeb rau cov hlau muaj xws li hlau ore, manganese ore, hlau-muaj pov tseg thiab flux. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, hlau ore yog thawj cov khoom siv npua ua ke rau cov qauv npua los ntawm kev sib txawv lossis txuas ntxiv ua pov thawj.
Qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau yog qhov nyuaj heev, feem ntau yog suav nrog hlau, carbon thiab lwm yam alloying. Carbon yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau, feem ntau yog accounting rau 0. 05% txog 1.7% ntawm tag nrho cov hnyav ntawm cov hlau. Cov pa roj carbon tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov hlau, tab sis nws kuj txo nws cov plasticity thiab kev nruj. Ib qho ntxiv, cov hlau tseem muaj lwm yam khoom xws li silicon, manganese, phosphorus, uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov hlau.
Cov txheej txheem ntau lawm ntawm cov hlau suav nrog ironmaking, steelmaking, txuas ntxiv casting thiab dov. Ironmaking yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txo cov hlau liab ore rau hlau hlau kom tau txais cov khoom uas xav tau los ntawm kev kho cov khoom siv thiab kev kho cua sov. Nruam casting yog cov txheej txheem ntawm polten steel rau pwm los ua ib lub lab, uas yog tom qab ntawd ua tiav rau cov txheej txheem xws li dov.
Cov hlau tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom raws li kev ua kom zoo thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Cov hlau zoo tib yam, cov hlau zoo thiab ua kom zoo dua cov hlau yog lub sijhawm peb cov hlau ua kom zoo nkauj yog ob hom hlau cais los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Carbon Steel tsuas muaj cov hlau thiab carbon hais, thaum alloy steel txhim kho nws cov khoom xws li molybdenum, chromium, tsib xee, thiab lwm yam.